Parapraxis [Plural: Parapraxes] In the Psychopathology of Everyday Life Sigmund Freud says parapraxes are unintentional acts resulting from an unconscious wish, desire, attitude or thought (London: Penguin, 2002 [1901]). This could entail forgetting names and sequences of words. But classic examples of parapraxes are slips of the pen or tongue. Imagine someone at a cocktail party accidentally saying “I love your horse” instead of “I love your house.” For Freud the hidden meaning points to the person making the slip. In this example he or she could be an avid equestrian or possibly an intensely sexual person, the horse being a well-known symbol of virility. Freud in particular attributed tremendous significance to the libido. C. G. Jung picked up on the idea of parapraxes and tried to explain their occurrence with his concept of the shadow. Jung’s notion of the shadow has both personal and collective aspects. An irruption of shadow contents into daytime activities could stem from an unresolved personal complex, the larger forces of the collective unconscious or some combination of the two. For Jung, unintended slips don’t always exclusively refer to the person making them. They can point to an entire situation among several or perhaps many people. Charles Brenner, M.D. believes that parapraxes have profound implications. Although many dismiss accidents and mistakes as mere flukes brought on by stress, distraction, sleep deprivation or malnutrition, Brenner says
In the mind, as in physical nature around us, nothing happens by chance, or in a random way (Elementary Textbook of Psychoanalysis, New York: Anchor Books, 1957, p.2).
The difference between healthy and unhealthy attitudes toward parapraxes arguably relates to whether or not we learn something of value from their occurrence.
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